Financial accountancy

Financial accountancy

Financial accountancy (or financial accounting) is the field of accountancy concerned with the preparation of financial statements for decision makers, such as stockholders, suppliers,banks, employees, government agencies, owners, and other stakeholders. Financial capital maintenance can be measured in either nominal monetary units or units of constant purchasing power. The fundamental need for financial accounting is to reduce principal-agent problem by measuring and monitoring agents' performance and reporting the results to interested users.

Financial accountancy is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organization or not involved in the day to day running of the company. Management accountingprovides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business.

In short, Financial Accounting is the process of summarizing financial data taken from an organization's accounting records and publishing in the form of annual (or more frequent) reports for the benefit of people outside the organization.

Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards.

Basic accounting concepts

Financial accountants produce financial statements based on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of a respective country. In particular cases financial statements must be prepared according to the International Financial Reporting Standards.

Financial accounting serves following purposes:

§ producing general purpose financial statements

§ provision of information used by management of a business entity for decision making, planning and performance evaluation

§ for meeting regulatory requirements

The accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity) and financial statements are the main topics of financial accounting.

The trial balance which is usually prepared using the Double-entry accounting system forms the basis for preparing the financial statements. All the figures in the trial balance are rearranged to prepare a profit & loss statement and balance sheet.

Assets, Expenses, and Withdrawals have normal debit balances (when you debit these types of accounts you add to them), remember the word AWED which represents the first letter of each type of account. Liabilities, Revenues, and Capital have normal credit balances (when you credit these you add to them).

Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_accounting

Revenue

Revenue

In business, revenue is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, revenue is referred to as turnover. Some companies receive revenue from interest,dividends or royalties paid to them by other companies. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in "Last year, Company X had revenue of $42 million."

Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period. Inaccounting, revenue is often referred to as the "top line" due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the "bottom line" which denotes net income. For non-profit organizations, annual revenue may be referred to as gross receipts. This revenue includes donations from individuals and corporations, support from government agencies, income from activities related to the organization's mission, and income from fundraising activities, membership dues, and financial investments such as stock shares in companies. For government, revenue includes gross proceeds from income taxes on companies and individuals, excise duties, customs duties, other taxes, sales of goods and services, dividends and interest. In general usage, revenue is income received by an organization in the form of cash or cash equivalents. Sales revenue or revenues is income received from selling goods or services over a period of time. Tax revenue is income that a government receives from taxpayers.

In more formal usage, revenue is a calculation or estimation of periodic income based on a particular standard accounting practice or the rules established by a government or government agency. Two common accounting methods, cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting, do not use the same process for measuring revenue. Corporations that offer shares for sale to the public are usually required by law to report revenue based on generally accepted accounting principles or International Financial Reporting Standards.

In a double-entry bookkeeping system, revenue accounts are general ledger accounts that are summarized periodically under the heading Revenue or Revenues on an income statement. Revenue account names describe the type of revenue, such as "Repair service revenue", "Rent revenue earned" or "Sales".

Financial statement analysis

Revenue is a crucial part of financial statement analysis. A company’s performance is measured to the extent to which its asset inflows (revenues) compare with its asset outflows (expenses). Net Income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal attention during a standard earnings call. If a company displays solid “top-line growth,” analysts could view the period’s performance as positive even if earnings growth, or “bottom-line growth” is stagnant. Conversely, high income growth would be tainted if a company failed to produce significant revenue growth. Consistent revenue growth, as well as income growth, is considered essential for a company's publicly tradedstock to be attractive to investors.

Revenue is used as an indication of earnings quality. There are several financial ratios attached to it, the most important being gross marginand profit margin. Also, companies use revenue to determine bad debt expense using the income statement method.

Price / Sales is sometimes used as a substitute for a Price to earnings ratio when earnings are negative and the P/E is meaningless. Though a company may have negative earnings, it almost always has positive revenue.

Gross Margin is a calculation of revenue less cost of goods sold, and is used to determine how well sales cover direct variable costs relating to the production of goods.

Net income/sales, or profit margin, is calculated by investors to determine how efficiently a company turns revenues into profits.

Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue

Business

Business

A business (also known as company, enterprise, or firm) is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods, services, or both to consumers or tertiary business in exchange for money.^[1] Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, in which most businesses are privately owned and typically formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners. The owners and operators of private, for-profit businesses have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for work and acceptance of risk. Businesses can also be formed not-for-profit or be state-owned.

The etymology of "business" relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the singular usage (above) to mean a particular company or corporation, the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the music business" and compound forms such asagribusiness, or the broadest meaning to include all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services. However, the exact definition of business, like much else in the philosophy of business, is a matter of debate and complexity of meanings.

Basic forms of ownership

Although forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, there are several common forms:

§ Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a for-profit business owned by one person. The owner may operate on his or her own or may employ others. The owner of the business has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business.

§ Partnership: A form of for-profit business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. There are three typical classifications of partnerships: general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.

§ Corporation: Can be either public or private in nature. A public company is often listed on the stock exchange and typically has unlimited liability. Privately owned companies have limited liability and are often signified by the term "Pty Ltd". The relevant jurisdiction normally specifies the rules of incorporation, whether rules are replaceable, who is responsible for making decisions and how the directing mind of the company may be elected. In South Africa private companies can also take the form of being a closed corporation.^[2]. Corporate entities have a legal personality and can enter into transactions and agreements as if they were natural persons.

§ Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited liability entity that can be organized for-profit or not-for-profit. A for-profit cooperative differs from a for-profit corporation in that it has members, as opposed to shareholders, who share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.

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§ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business

REFORM

REFORM

A. Background

Reform in Indonesia was born after the end of the government is Baru.Reformasi Order dirtikan as changes to the values that underlie the performance of this pemerintahan.Dalam post-Suharto era of government or the Era of Reform in Indonesia started in pertertengahan 1998, precisely when President Soeharto mengindurkan on May 21, 1998 and replaced the national deputy president in the government is BJ.Habibie.Pembangunan New Order turned out to save Penyimpangan.Orientasi only emphasized physical development alone, but failed preformance build character (character building) and mental deviations bangsa.Salah one made by many persons in the era New namely:

a. Rampant corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN).
b. The emergence of the monetary crisis hit Indonesia in 1997, this crisis also
c.Memunculkan public distrust towards the peak of the New Order government of Soeharto's fall from a chair to deliver governmentReform

d.Wacana burst and with that Indonesia began to explore the phase change in the so-called Reform Order

In this case make the fall of the New Order which must be acknowledged that the New Order government under President Suharto has managed to increase economic growth high enough in the timeframe panjang.Pertumbuhan economy has a positive impact and negative.Dampak Positive recorded in the form of reduction absolute poverty indicators are accompanied by improved average welfare rata.Adapun Negative Impact that emerges is environmental degradation, economic differences between regions, between work groups, and between groups within society that feels increasingly tajam.Segala product of economic and political policies during the period New Order's very bureaucratic, undemocratic, and likely corruption.

Social-political condition has been worsened by the monetary crisis that hit this country since as of mid July 1997.Perekonomian built since the New Order Ternate fragile and unable to withstand hurricane tersebut.Krisis monetary crisis triggered the economic slump and the decline of national meluas.perbankan many frozen banks (BBO), the number of bankrupt SMEs, termination of employment (FLE) appear in many places, food prices soared tinggi bahkan kelangkaan.Sebenarnya could happen, not only in Indonesia, which suffered monetary crisis also occurred in several countries. The monetary crisis occurred in the Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia.Indonesia probably the worst feeling theimpact.

Asian financial crisis that caused the Indonesian economy weakened and the amount of uncertainty when the public against the Suharto government that led to massive demonstrations by students share the organs of action in various areas Indonesia.Di middle of an increasingly weakening situation upiah, mass action, labor action, and student action-mana.Krisis also occur where monetary conditions resulted in insecurity and vulnerability to the threat of social unrest and violence.

Wave action alternated student demands voiced reformasi.Tuntutan movement are:

1. Bubarkan Orde Baru dan Golkar

2. Hapuskan Dwifungsi ABRI

3. Hapuskan KKN

4. Tegakkan supremasi hokum,hak asasi manusia (HAM), dan demokrasi

Chronology of the fall of the government is the New Order

22 Januari 1998 :Rupiah melemah terhadap dollar Amerika Serikat .Nilai mata uang rupiah menembus angka 17.000,- per dollar.

12 Febuari 1998 :Presiden Soeharto mengangkat Wiranto menjadi Panglima

10 Maret 1998 :Soeharto kembali terpilih sebagai presiden ketujuh kali didampingi B.J Habibie sebagai wakil presiden.

4 Mei 1998 :Harga bahan bakarminyak melonjak 71% yang diikuti dengan kenaikan tarif transportasi.3 hari kemudian terjadi kerusuhan di Medan.

9 Mei 1998 :Presiden Soeharto berangkat ke kairo untuk menghadiri G-15

12 Mei 1998 :Tragedi trisakti yang menewaskan 4 Orang Mahasiswa Trisakti.

13 Mei 1998 :Kerusuhan Massa terjadi di Jakarta dan Solo

14 Mei 1998 :Demonstrasi kian bertambah besar dan merebak di hampir berbagai kota di Indonesia.Para demonstran menepung dan menduduki gedung-gedung DPRD.

18 Mei 1998 :Ketua DPR/MPR yang juga Ketua Partai golkar,Harmoko mengeluarkan pernyataan agar presiden Soeharto turun jabatannya. Mahasiswa menduduki Gedung DPR/MPR.

19 Mei 1998 :Presiden Soeharto berbicara di TVRI,Ia menyatakan tidak akan mengundurkan diri,tetapi akan segera mengadakan perubahancabinet,akan membentuk Komite Reformasi,dan segera mengadakan pemilu serta tidak bersedia dicalonkan kembali sebagai presiden.

20 Mei 1998 :Amien Rais membatalkan rencana demonstrasi besar-besaran di Monas,karena di jaga ketat.Demonstrasi lainnya juga terjadi di Surakarta,Medan, dan Bandung.

21 Mei 1998 :Soeharto mengumumkan pengunduran dirinya pada pukul 9.00 WIB dan wakilnya presiden B.J Habibie menjadi presiden Indonesia yang baru.

My Ideal Campus

My Ideal Campus

After announcement result of the final exam from senior high school. I was decided to continue for college at University Education in Jakarta or Depok, For example University of Indonesian (UI),UNJ,UIN jakarta and many other. Before that,I mustn to join the test of various such as, SMPTN,UMB and other.So, I was chosen in University of Indonesian because I will that and hopefull. Finally, I was got announcement result of the test,and after that I was failed in the test and was’nt to received at University of Indonesian. But every cloud has a silver lining, I was decidedand I has chosen to college in Gunadarma University,then register at Gunadarma campus,After that I was received in Gunadarma.There are 7 campus in Gunadarma,Kind of facilities and situation and better teaching in gunadarma.

The first, Since I was received in Gunadarma University and was chosen a accounting in economic of faculty.There are 7 campus in Gunadarma at Depok and Kelapa dua campus,like that D,E,G and H campus and In Jakarta, like that A,C and J campus.For me, I was college at D and E campus,Every campus have 5 building,one,s building in D campus have the lift, there are especially for lecturer,dean, rector,staff administration and etc.Every class was completed with AC, In E campus more comfortable rather than in D campus because in campus more large such as many tree,beautiful grass,area-park is very large and campus green life and usually to used orientation for new student,So in Kelapa2 campus is more comfortable. Then in Jakarta such as A,C and J campus but I never been college there are.

After that,Gunadarma University have kind of facilities and situation campus, For example a library, audio-visual library,internet lounge,hot spot area,service student web,field sport,aula and auditorium and also mosque.Every campus have a library but just in D and Campus at Gunadarma.the library is a place for get knowledge,situation in the library is felt more comfortable when all student was visited to there is.facilities of library to used for all student,a lecturer, and staff gunadarma and also have an audio-visual library was completed with television equipment and education video with advanced communication technology,So all student can to sight with audio-visual library.

The most important that a internet lounge and auditorium in gunadarma. A Internet lounge is a place can used all student for internet access with free and always was visited by all student when take a rest and very felt is enjoyed. An auditorium always to used for a seminar place is very large, with the audio facilities (sound system) lighting, So all student can enjoyed and felt with video that enough modern, and maybe is every campus have been the better teaching. and Gunadarma University is anything that,because have better than is teaching with the best lecturer with was completed in every class,,such as a proyector,a LCD etc.

In short, Gunadarma University is Ideal and dreams campus,because have been kind of facilities with the best equipment that to supported in gunadarma campus.So, I think a Gundarma university is the best campus for me and my future.

accounting terms

accounting terms

· Accounting

· Accountant

· Financial accounting

· Cost accounting

· Management accounting

· Auditing

· Budgeting

· Govertmental accounting

· Tax accounting

· Public accounting

· Internal accounting

· Administrative service

· Financial statement

· Capital

· Balance sheet

· Book-keeping

· Internal auditor

· Partnership

· Merchandising firm

· Account form

· Report form

· Expenses

· Equity

· Asset

· Liabilities

· Account payables

· Cash

· Net income

· Statement of owner’s capital

· Revenue

· Equipment

· Income statement

· Supplies

· Accounting equation

· Accounts receivable

· Net loss

· Journal entry

· Compound journal entry

· Ledger

· Debet

· Credit

· posting

article about Food

Did you know about TEMPEH and other traditional food

· Tempeh or tempe is an original food from Indonesia and is especially popular in java.Nobody knows know tempeh was first made, but the record about it first appeared in a book called serat centhini.Now tempeh consumed by people in different parts of the globe.Many people like tempeh because it is considered healthy for its low fat and high fiber content.

· Almost everybody likes to have shrimp or fish crackers(kerupuk) as a complement to everday meals.this munchies is often underrated.These crackers are not only consumed domestically,but have also been exported to countries such as The nederlands.saudi Arabia.malaysia etc.

From : C’n’S magazine